Skip to main content Skip to guide navigation

Citation Guide

Cite sources, create annotated bibliographies, and avoid plagiarism.

Navigation for this page

Citing conference events

Conference sessions and presentations

Presenter(s). (Date or Date range of conference). Contribution title [Format; e.g., Paper presentation, Poster presentation, etc.]. Conference Name, City, State/Province (if any), Country. https://doi.org/... (if given)

Walker, M. (2020, February 27-29). Coming out with a bang: Creating a successful product launch. Black Women Tech Talk, New York, NY, United States.

Citing artwork

Artwork

Creator(s). (Year of artwork). Title of artwork (if untitled, describe artwork in brackets) [Medium]. Repository of Artwork, City, State/Province (if any), Country. 

Kusy, W. (1994). Lusitania [Toothpicks]. The American Visionary Arts Museum, Baltimore, MD, United States. 

Citing online artwork

Artwork in library databases

(Cite the same as artwork).

Kahlo, F. (1948). La columna rota [The broken column] [Painting]. Museo Dolores Olmedo, Mexico City, Mexico.

Artwork from websites

(Cite the same as artwork). URL

Sherald, A. (2018). First Lady Michelle Obama [Painting]. Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC, United States. https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2018.15

Citing video and audio materials

Films

Director(s) (if unknown, use other named role(s), like Host(s), Guest Expert(s), etc.). (Year of release). Title [Medium]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

DuVernay, A. (Director). (2016). 13th [Film]. Kandoo Films.

Cunliffe, M. (Director). (2014). The science of measurement [Film; educational DVD]. Big Wave Productions; BBC; Athena Learning; RLJ Entertainment.

Television series

Executive Producer(s). Series title [TV series; when relevant, description of version and/or format]. Production Company; if two or more, separate with semicolon(s).

Hardy, T., Scott, R., Marshall, L., Crowe, K., Baker, D., Knight, S., & Lesinski, T. (Executive Producers). (2017-present). Taboo [TV series]. Scott Free London; Hardy Son & Baker.

Episodes of television series

Writer(s), & Director(s). (Broadcast or copyright date). Episode title (Season, Episode numbers) [TV Series episode]. In Producer(s), Series title. Production Company; if two or more, separate with semicolon(s). 

Murphy, R. (Writer), and Mock, J. (Writer & Director). (2018, July 8). Love is the message (Season 1, Episode 6) [TV series episode]. In R. Murphy, B. Falchuk, N. Jacobson, B. Simpson, A. M. Woodall, S. Marsh, & S. Canals (Executive Producers), Pose. Color Force; Brad Falchuk Teley-Vision; Ryan Murphy Television; Fox 21 Television Studios; FXP.

Music albums

Recording Artist(s). (Year of release). Album title [Album; when relevant, description of version and/or format]. Label; if two or more, separate with semicolon(s).

DiFranco, A. (1995). Not a pretty girl [Album]. Righteous Babe.

Songs or tracks

Recording Artist(s). (Year of release). Song title [Song]. On Album title (if any). Label; if two or more, separate with semicolon(s). 

Berninger, M., & Bridgers, P. (2019). Walking on a string [Song]. Dead Oceans.

The Notorious B.I.G. (1997). Mo money mo problems [Song]. On Life after death. Bad Boy Records; Arista.

Citing online video and audio

Films and TV episodes in library databases

(Cite the same as films and broadcast TV episodes).

Culpepper, M. & Draper, N. (Directors). (2005). Bachelor farmer [Film]. Stick Pony Rodeo Productions.

Rowley, R. (Writer & Director). (2018, November 20). Documenting hate: New American nazis (Season 37, Episode 10) [TV show episode]. In R. Rowley, A. C. Thompson, K. Hajj, J. Soohen, N. Verbitsy (Producers), Frontline. Midnight Films.

Uploaded videos (to YouTube, Vimeo, Instagram, etc.)

Person or group who uploaded the video [screen name, if any]. (Date). Video title [Video]. Website. URL

Singh, L. (2017, June 8). A geography class for racist people [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8WfEkXvGQhY

TEDx Talks. (2018, March 6). Sheila Sarem: The social capital gap [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/z9kHCO7xbYQ

TED Talks from the TED website*

Speaker(s). (Date). Title of talk [Video] TED Conferences. URL

Lee, D. N. (2019, April). How hip-hop helps us understand science [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/danielle_n_lee_how_hip_hop_helps_us_understand_science

*If, instead, the talk is on a TED or TEDx YouTube channel, cite it as a YouTube video.

Audio and video podcast episodes

Host(s) or Executive Producer(s). (Date). Title of episode (Episode number, if given) [Audio or Video podcast episode]. In Podcast title. Production Company, if any. URL, if known

Britt, M. A. (2019, April 4). An introduction to cross cultural psychology [Audio podcast episode]. In The psych files. http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2019/04/ep-322-an-introduction-to-cross-cultural-psychology

Digital versions of speeches, readings, interviews, etc.

Speaker(s) or Interviewee(s). (Date). Title, if any [Description, e.g., Interview, Reading video recording, Speech audio recording, etc.]. Digital Repository; Parent Organization, if any. Website, if different than Repository/Organization. URL

Wilson, M. (1987, January 30). Off the record interview with Mary Wilson, 1987-01-30 [Interview]. Joe Smith Collection; Library of Congress. https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsrs/mbrsjoesmith.1836013

Online slideshows (PowerPoint, Prezi, etc.)

 Author(s). (Date). Presentation title [Description, i.e., PowerPoint slides, Prezi slides, etc.]. Website. URL

Le Meur, E. (2017, January 11). How to think like a startup [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/loiclemeur/how-to-think-like-a-startup 

Citing personal communications

Personal communications include emails, letters, text and direct messages, telephone and in-person conversations, interviews, and any other unrecoverable, unarchived sources. Because they are difficult to recover, they are not listed in bibliographies and references pages; instead, they are cited in-text only. Example:

(E. A. Champlin, personal communication, May 3, 2017)

Library photo courtesy of Barry Halkin Photography